Now you can install recovery software these will work on working hard drives/sd cards/usb pens/external hard drives faulty hard drives but can not guarentee all faulty drives can be scanned. Also depending on the level of data recovery needed it may only be able to scan for raw data which is a last resort and a bugger as it will rename all your files to 1 upto last file per document type and not have any structure or your original file names.
However even if drive is faulty you may get option to browse it like normal and recover data to current drive or attached drive.
I must stress the only good recovery software I have found to be consistant and reliable is paid for software.
R-Media is my favourite recovery software it will scan the drive and retain the structure and file names/folders etc. However it can be slow on scanning broken hard drives and it can take a couple of days to scan and not find anything
Stellar pheonix data recovery works very well like R-Media but offers more options depending on the version you buy but will do deeper scans/ raw data scans and unpowered scans ie if your hard drive is a mechanical failure it only powers the drive enough to read it and does not power it up to 5400RPM/7200RPM so be warned if you have to use this depending on the size of your hard drive it can take days to scan
fairly stable free software can be found here
http://www.easeus.com/datarecoverywizard/free-data-recovery-software.htm
if that works but not everything recovered then it may be worth investing in a premium software.
Please note Data recovery software will recover a hell of a lot more than you may think down to every picture you have ever viewed online pics/videos you may have deleted years ago etc private bank statements from 5 years ago etc. even if you have formatted your drive reinstalled windows and thought it was gone it can be recovered possibly.
Another option is cloning a drive if you have a spare hard drive you can clone/mirror it and that may fix it all for you this basically takes 1 drive and copies it like for like onto another drive it does not have to be a fully working drive your copying from but many drives that have failed and will not boot to windows can be cloned and problem fixed.
Look for programs like acronis true image this is my preferred cloning tool it lets you make a bootable disc so you can clone from its own mini OS
Website loss
well you may be screwed depending on your hosting package/supplier but many these days do regular back ups and you can restore a website from a backup within your control panel these back up frequencies will be either 24 hours or weekly and will zip them up and keep x amount of copies replacing older copies with newer copies. This may be an optional upgrade and may not include database backup just front end.
if you are on shared hosting you should be able to set this up via control panel if not automatically done if you are using a dedicated server you can set a cron job to do it and even send it to somewhere like amazon cloud or dropbox just restore from a back up.
Future prevention and backing up
Backing up can be expensive but worth it or cheap if you do not mind putting in some work to back up.
I have an extensive back up and fail safe backup and can have upto 12 backups at any 1 time all at a click of a button and automatic everyday at a particular time I set.
here is my backup procedure for auto backing up
PC 1 Cdrive I have a folder called backup and I have everything in that folder that is important to me ie client projects. using this software it backs up whatever is in that folder and subfolders
D Drive
Z Drive
P drive
all random letters which does not matter my c drive is 1tb Solid state drive Z drive is another solid state drive (they are suppose to be more reliable than mechanical drives but only time will tell
P and D drive are server grade Hard drives which are more expensive but western digital black will be sufficient
using Karens Replicator which is a free backup software which I love but you can use microsoft sync toy both retired software but both still work very well
http://www.majorgeeks.com/files/details/karens_replicator.html
https://www.microsoft.com/en-gb/download/details.aspx?id=15155
You can create backup actions to local drives and network drives
so for example i set my backup folder on c drive to sync to a folder called backup on d drive P drive Z drive etc so I have 4 folders called backup on PC 1 so if any drive fails I have 3 more copies
replace 1 drive and copy it over
I also have a nas drive which is a network drive this is the expensive part a good quality nas drive with good HDDs in can cost hundreds- thousands of dollars
Nas drive with 2 or more bays in basically means whatever you put on 1 drive will automatically copy onto other drives I have a 4 bay drive and have it set to mirror onto all 4 drives so if 1 drive fails I chuck it away and put a new drive in and the nas box will clone my backups onto it
Karens replicator will backup to nas drives however mcrosoft synctoy can be funny about it.
on 1 of my backup drives on my PC is also a google drive drive cloud back up so a copy goes to google drive
another drive has dropbox
another drive has microsoft skydrive
and my main drive has my own cloud based setup online to 1 of my dedicated servers using software called owncloud which is open source cloud based software which you can host on your own server with unlimited storage !!! cheap but reliable as drop box gets expensive with more data etc
so my karens replicator looks like this
C drive backup folder copies to D, P Z
in backup 2 copies to D, P, Z drive cloud back up folders which then syncs to cloud backup
Backup 3 copies to Nas drive 1 which then copies to disk 2,3 and 4
Backup 3 will copy only when I plug in my 2 USB Hard drives via USB these are hard copies and should only be plugged in when I want a master backup and can not be automatically copied to as they are not connected.
The hard backup master copies are purely for the reason that my backup is literally automatic if I delete 1 file in my c drive backup folder it will sync to all folders and cloud based backups including nas drives hence the master backup on an unconnected drive.
CHeap alternative to NAS drives all though still considered as 1 are seagate network drives and Western Digital lifebooks both offer similar feature just not as good quality as true nas boxes you can even remote access these drives from anywhere in the world as long as you have internet access.
If you want to back up your whole computer with all your programs installed etc then google windows 7 image back up for plenty of tutorials also available in windows 8/8.1/10
or use software like acronis true image which will also give you a boot key such as F4 so if you get a virus etc then you can turn on your computer press F4 or F5 cant remember the exact key and it will do a factory reset on your machine but with the image you created originally very useful if like me you have lots of big programs installed with lots of plugins and programs like filezilla ftp client with hundreds of saved ftp connections saved on it etc.
Well if you have read all this congratulations way to long for my liking but had to be thorough as I did not know your particular problem maybe someone can rewrite it and post it as a thread on its own.