Because you posted screen shots from the commercial software, and didn't give us any more background information, I assumed you already had access to it.
Yes, what you are asking could be done in Photoshop, but (a) it would take a fair amount of knowledge of PS, and (b) at best would never be as good as the commercial SW -- certainly not good enough for patient care.
The route I would take would be to turn a conventional image into HSL or HSV, and then quantize the hue channel into 10 or so distinct hues. The boundaries of these hues would be represented by closed contours on the image. You then could go in with the eyedropper tool to read off the hue value in each area.
Unfortunately, PS no longer supports HSL or HSV, so you would have to run one of the awkward plugins to do the conversion. You then still wouldn't have a nicely labeled color display like the commercial software, Clon3D-SpectroShade, gives you. I really don't recommend doing this for patients, but you might get away with it if it is just for a student project and only analyzing one or two images.
Tom M